Neuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you an awesome parent

Neuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you an awesome parentNeuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you an awesome parentEvery parent asks it at some pointWhat is going on in my kids brain?And if you dont understand kidsit can be hard togive them what they need to thrive. Lately the trend has been helicopter parenting and trying to get them ready as soon as possible for an increasingly competitive world.But is that what 3 year-olds need? Or what 10 year-olds need? What about 15 year-olds? Turns out those three all requirevery different things.Alison Gopnik, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the leading experts on raising kids right, is the author ofThe Gardener and the Carpenter What the New Science of Child Development Tells Us About the Relationship Between Parents and Children.As a mother and grandmother, shes well aware that just because weve all been kids doesnt mean we always know what they need from us. In fact, much of whats required can be downright contradictory.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterHuman caregivers must both fiercely protect each individual child and give that child up when they become an adult they must allow play and enable work they must pass on traditions and encurage innovations. The parent paradoxes are the consequence of fundamental biological facts.So what does the science say about whats going on in kids brains and what they need from you as they grow up?Be A Gardener, Not A CarpenterThe current trend of micro-managingevery bit of a childs existence and being a helicopter parent isnt the answer. Strict, well-managed plans dont work with kids and theyre not the best thing for them. Why?Because most of thefussy detail-oriented stuff that parents engage in has no effect whatsoever.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterIt is very difficult to find any reliable, empirical relation between the small variations in what parents do- the variations that are the focus of parenting- an d the resulting adult traits of their children. There is very little evidence that conscious decisions about co-sleeping or not, letting yur children cry it out or holding them till they problematik asleep, or forcing them to do extra homework or letting them play have reliable and predictable long-term effects on who those children become. From an empirical perspective, parenting is a mugs game.So if Patton-like plans of attack dont work, whats the perspective to take?Turns out active parenting is a dirty word. Raising kidsisnt a measured, perfectionist activity like carpentry. Its mora of a loose, sculpting process like gardening.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterCaring for children is like tending a garden, and being a parent is like being a gardener. In the parenting model, being a parent is like being a carpenter. You should pay some attention to the kind of material you are working with, and it may have some influence on what you try to do. But essentially yur job is to shape that material into a final product that will fit the scheme you had in mind to begin with Messiness and variability are a carpenters enemies precision and control are her allies. Measure twice, cut once. When we garden, on the other hand, we create a protected and nurturing space for plants to flourish. It takes hard labor and the sweat of our brows, with a lot of exhausted digging and wallowing in manure.Turns out that nature has built a pretty good ordnungsprinzip in the developing brain. It slowly moves from exploring the world to something that is ready to exploit that knowledge.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterComputer scientists and neuroscientists call it the tension between exploration and exploitation Young brains are designed to explore old brains are designed to exploit. One way to solve this problem is to alternate between periods of exploration and exploitation. A particularly effective strategy is to abflug out exploring, and then proceed to exploit. You begin by rand omly generating lots of variation and then zero in on what works A protected period of childhood is one solution to the explore/ exploit dilemma. We are allowed to explore when we are children so that we can exploit when we are adults.(To learn the 4 parenting tips that will make your kids amazing, clickhere.)So youre not scheduling every minute of your kids time and trying to turn them into a doctor or a lawyer from the moment their eyes open. Good.But as their brains slowly transition from explore mode to exploit mode, what do you need to do to help them?Kids Under 6?Let Them Play.Little kids dont need to be taking SAT prep courses yet. They need to build forts, have tea parties, roughhouse and pretend.Lets talk about rat brains for a second. Just like in humans, parts of their prefrontal cortex are devoted to social coordination. If those areas of the brain are physically damaged, how do the rats act?The same way ratsdeprived of play do.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterIn rats, and in people, too, particular parts of the frontal cortex play an especially important role in social coordination. If those areas are damaged, the affected rats look a lot like the play-deprived ones. They can master the actions of courting or fighting, but they cant respond to other rats in a flexible and fluid way.Yeah, play isnt just fun and games. Its vital for learning adult skills.FromThe Gardener and the Carpenterrough-and-tumble play seems to help animals and children to interact with others. Exploratory play helps animals and children learn how things work. And pretend play helps children think about possibilities and understand other peoples minds.Even play that seems downright weird at first glance serves a purpose. Research shows kids who haveimaginary friends dont end up crazy- they end up far better at understanding other people.Young kidsare actually littlescientists and play is how they do their experiments.Children dont focus on established rules. They pay attent ion to what violates their little toddler hypotheses about how the world works. And thats how they improve their ideas about life.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterWhen they saw evidence that contradicted their theories they were driven to experiment- only they did it by playing. A very recent study showed that this was true even for very young babies. Aimee Stahl and Lisa Feigenson showed ordnungsprinzipatically that eleven-month-old babies, like scientists, pay special attention when their predictions are violated, learn especially well as a result, and even do experiments to figure out just what happened.You, on the other hand, are probably a bad scientist. We adults are far mora likely to engage in confirmation bias - looking for things that support our beliefs, as opposed to ideasthat challenge them. And thats one of the reasons why kids learn so much faster than we do.So how do you use this info to make junior an even better scientist? Your mission, should you decide to acce pt it Give them a panzerschrank environment to play. Give them interesting things to play with. And play with them.But when you play with young children, the tykehas to lead and you have tofollow.When a little kid isexplicitly taught, the play part of their brain shuts down. And they only learnexactlywhat you teach them. But when its a game, when you stop instructing, they explore and absorb much mora.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterThe children played with the toy longer, tried more different actions, and discovered more of the hidden features when the experimenter squeaked the beeper accidentally than they did when she deliberately tried to teach them. So teaching is a double-edged sword. The children were remarkably sensitive to the fact that they were being taught But teaching seemed to discourage the children from discovering all the possibilities the toy had to offer.Making suggestions or elaborating after they abflug playing is fine. Thats called Guided Play.You cantmakeyou ng childrenlearn. You can only provide a protected space filled with love andletthem learn.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterOur job as parents is not to make a particular kind of child. Instead, our job is to provide a protected space of love, panzerschrankty, and stability in which children of many unpredictable kinds can flourish. Our job is not to shape our childrens minds its to let those minds explore all the possibilities that the world allows. Our job is not to tell children how to play its to give them the toys and pick the toys up again after the kids are done. We cant make children learn, but we can let them learn.(To learn how to raise happy kids, clickhere.)Okay, so youre not teaching a 4 year-old, youre engaging in guided play. But what do you do with a 6 year-old?Older than 6? Teachem.Once kids are ready for school, they need to start balancing their natural exploration with practice in skills that will allow them to function in the world.FromThe Gardener and the Carp enterThe job for school-age children is to start actually becoming competent adults themselves. Their evolutionary agenda is to practice and master the particular skills of their own culture, especially social skills, while theyre still within the safe cocoon of adult caregivingNows the time to start showing them how to do stuff. You teachthem something, they imitate, you correct them.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterSchool-age children observe and imitate like younger children. But they learn especially well when they interact with particularly skilled adults in a distinctive cycle of trial and error. The apprentice watches the master attentively, and then tries out a simplified part of the skill. It might be stirring thestockpot, cutting out a pattern, or roughing a carpentry frame. The master, in turn, comments (often quite critically) on what the apprentice has done and gets her to do it again. With each round of imitation, practice, and critique, the learner becomes more and m ore skilled, and tackles more and more demanding parts of the process.Kids under 6 cant focus. Theyre not supposed to. Theyre exploring this new world.But after 6 their brain starts to develop some control. Helping them master simple skills increases this ability that will be vital as they get older.FromThe Gardener and the Carpenteras children grow older, the prefrontal area of the brain- the brains executive office- exercises increasingly greater control over the rest of the brain. Babies and young children pay attention to anything thats interesting and informative, and they learn as a result. But as we get older more and more of our learning is directed toward particular goals. Mastery learning requires a kind of controlled focus that is just not possible for younger children. Other changes also contribute to the rise of mastery learning. Neural connections are extensively pruned many connections disappear. The nerven betreffend connections that remain, especially the connecti ons that are used often, become increasingly covered with a substance called myelin, which makes them more efficient conductors. At the same time the brain becomes more specialized. Younger children typically use more brain areas to solve a task than older children or adults do. All these changes contribute to transform the young brain. The preschool brain is enormously flexible and changes easily, but it is also noisy. The school-age brain is much more efficient and effective, but it isalso more rigid.(To learn how to be a better parent, clickhere.)And now in the gameshow of parenthood, we move to the challenge roundthe teen years.What the heck is going on with the teenage brain?And what do youneed to be focused on to get them ready for adulthood?Teenagers Need ApprenticeshipNeuroscientists believe there are two separate systemsin the teenage brain 1) motivation, and 2) control.The motivation part kicks inrealfast when those hormones start transforming them into adults. Adolescentb rains are actuallyvery similar to those of junkies.Their grey matter ishighlysensitive to rewards. Good things feel much much good-er to teenagers.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterThis is the system that turns generally placid ten-year-olds into restless, exuberant, emotionally intense teenagers desperate to attain every goal, fulfill every desire, and experience every sensation Studies by the neuroscientist B. J. Casey suggest that adolescents are reckless not because they underestimate risks but because they overestimate rewards- or, rather, find rewards more rewardingthan adults do.The second system, control, allows them to direct that energy toward good uses. Sadly, this system takes a lot longer to develop. And thats why teenagers have the reputations they do.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterBut the second system involves control it channels and harnesses all that seething energy. In particular, the prefrontal cortex reaches out to guide other parts of the brain, including t he parts that govern motivation and emotion. This is the system that inhibits impulses and guides decision-making, that encourages long-term planning and delays gratification. And this is the system, as we saw, that enables mastery. This control system depends much more on learning. It becomes increasingly effective throughout middle childhood and continues to develop during adolescence and adulthood, as you gain more experience.But teenagers werent always such terrors. Part of it has to do with their place in society. Adolescence, as a time of life, was only created in 20th century. Before that you were either a child or an adult. No transition.And they werent just surrounded by other teenagers. They had adults to guide and train them and they worked.Being a teen meantlearning how to accomplish goals without your parents.Plain, and simple, they had something todowith all that motivation instead of justcrash the car, get pregnant and burn the house down.FromThe Gardener and the Carp enterIn the distant (and even the not-so-distant) past, these systems of motivation and control were largely in sync. In foraging and farming societies, children have lots of chances to practice the skills that they need to accomplish their goals as adults, and so to become expert planners and actors. In the past, to become a good gatherer or hunter, cook or caregiver, you would actually practice gathering, hunting, cooking, and taking care of children, all through middle childhood and into early adolescence, tuning up just the prefrontal wiring youd need as an adult. But youd do all that under expert adult supervision, where the impact of your inevitable failures would be blunted. When the motivational juice of puberty arrived, youd be ready to go after the real rewards with new intensity and exuberance, but youd also have the skill and control to do it safely and effectively. The relationship between the systems of motivation and control has changed dramatically.So now that the wo rld has changed, whats the best way to help teens? More homework and extracurriculars arent the answer. They need the modern day equivalent ofapprenticeships internships.Something resembling real work where they can build skills, achieve goals and put that energy to productive use so the control systemof their brain can get a handle on their relentless motivation to achieve rewards.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterWhat does make a difference is having a graduated system in which teenagers slowly acquire both more skill and more freedom Instead of giving adolescents more and more school experiences- those extra hours of after-school classes and homework- we could try to arrange more opportunities for apprenticeship. AmeriCorps, the federal community-service program for youth, is an excellent example, since it provides both challenging real-life experiences and a degree of protection and supervision. Take your child to work could become a routine practice rather than a single-day a nnual event, and college students could spend more time watching and helping scientists and scholars at work rather than just listening to their lectures. Summer enrichment activities like camp and travel, so common for children whose parents have the means, might be usefully alternated with summer jobs.(To learn 7 research-backed ways to raise kids right, clickhere.)Alright, weve learned a lot about how kids learn. Lets round it all upSum UpHeres what you need to focus on to be an awesome parentGardener not carpenter Your job is to provide a safe space to grow, not to systematically buildFrankenstein.Under 6, they need play Having an imaginary friend who happens to be a dragon named Larry is a good thing.School-age kids needteachingHelp them build skills. Cooking, good. Bartending, not so good.Teenagers need apprenticeships They need to learn how to learn without you. And that means real world experience.These phases are critical for kids. But its a mistake for us to ignore them fo r ourselves as adults.We all could use some playtime. We all benefit from learning new skills. And we all should embrace new challenges in the world. As Dr. Seuss saidAdults are obsolete children.Join more than 315,000 readers.Get a free weekly update via emailhere.Related postsNew Neuroscience Reveals 4 Rituals That Will Make You HappyNew Harvard Research Reveals A Fun Way To Be More SuccessfulHow To Get People To Like You 7 Ways From An FBI Behavior ExpertThis article first appeared at Barking Up the Wrong Tree.Neuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you an awesome parentEvery parent asks it at some pointWhat is going on in my kids brain?And if you dont understand kidsit can be hard togive them what they need to thrive. Lately the trend has been helicopter parenting and trying to get them ready as soon as possible for an increasingly competitive world.But is that what 3 year-olds need? Or what 10 year-olds need? What about 15 year-olds? Turns out those three all requirevery different things.Alison Gopnik, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the leading experts on raising kids right, is the author ofThe Gardener and the Carpenter What the New Science of Child Development Tells Us About the Relationship Between Parents and Children.As a mother and grandmother, shes well aware that just because weve all been kids doesnt mean we always know what they need from us. In fact, much of whats required can be downright contradictory.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterHuman caregivers must both fiercely protect each individual child and give that child up when they become an adult they must allow play and enable work they must pass on traditions and encourage innovations. The parent paradoxes are the consequence of fundamental biological facts.So what does the science say about whats going on in kids brains and what they need from you as they grow up?Be A Gardener, Not A CarpenterThe current trend of micro-managingevery bi t of a childs existence and being a helicopter parent isnt the answer. Strict, well-managed plans dont work with kids and theyre not the best thing for them. Why?Because most of thefussy detail-oriented stuff that parents engage in has no effect whatsoever.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterIt is very difficult to find any reliable, empirical relation between the small variations in what parents do- the variations that are the focus of parenting- and the resulting adult traits of their children. There is very little evidence that conscious decisions about co-sleeping or not, letting your children cry it out or holding them till they fall asleep, or forcing them to do extra homework or letting them play have reliable and predictable long-term effects on who those children become. From an empirical perspective, parenting is a mugs game.So if Patton-like plans of attack dont work, whats the perspective to take?Turns out active parenting is a dirty word. Raising kidsisnt a measured, pe rfectionist activity like carpentry. Its more of a loose, sculpting process like gardening.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterCaring for children is like tending a garden, and being a parent is like being a gardener. In the parenting model, being a parent is like being a carpenter. You should pay some attention to the kind of material you are working with, and it may have some influence on what you try to do. But essentially your job is to shape that material into a final product that will fit the scheme you had in mind to begin with Messiness and variability are a carpenters enemies precision and control are her allies. Measure twice, cut once. When we garden, on the other hand, we create a protected and nurturing space for plants to flourish. It takes hard labor and the sweat of our brows, with a lot of exhausted digging and wallowing in manure.Turns out that nature has built a pretty good system in the developing brain. It slowly moves from exploring the world to something that is ready to exploit that knowledge.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterComputer scientists and neuroscientists call it the tension between exploration and exploitation Young brains are designed to explore old brains are designed to exploit. One way to solve this problem is to alternate between periods of exploration and exploitation. A particularly effective strategy is to start out exploring, and then proceed to exploit. You begin by randomly generating lots of variation and then zero in on what works A protected period of childhood is one solution to the explore/ exploit dilemma. We are allowed to explore when we are children so that we can exploit when we are adults.(To learn the 4 parenting tips that will make your kids amazing, clickhere.)So youre not scheduling every minute of your kids time and trying to turn them into a doctor or a lawyer from the moment their eyes open. Good.But as their brains slowly transition from explore mode to exploit mode, what do you need to do to help them?Kids Under 6?Let Them Play.Little kids dont need to be taking SAT prep courses yet. They need to build forts, have tea parties, roughhouse and pretend.Lets talk about rat brains for a second. Just like in humans, parts of their prefrontal cortex are devoted to social coordination. If those areas of the brain are physically damaged, how do the rats act?The same way ratsdeprived of play do.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterIn rats, and in people, too, particular parts of the frontal cortex play an especially important role in social coordination. If those areas are damaged, the affected rats look a lot like the play-deprived ones. They can master the actions of courting or fighting, but they cant respond to other rats in a flexible and fluid way.Yeah, play isnt just fun and games. Its vital for learning adult skills.FromThe Gardener and the Carpenterrough-and-tumble play seems to help animals and children to interact with others. Exploratory play helps animals and children learn how things work. And pretend play helps children think about possibilities and understand other peoples minds.Even play that seems downright weird at first glance serves a purpose. Research shows kids who haveimaginary friends dont end up crazy- they end up far better at understanding other people.Young kidsare actually littlescientists and play is how they do their experiments.Children dont focus on established rules. They pay attention to what violates their little toddler hypotheses about how the world works. And thats how they improve their ideas about life.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterWhen they saw evidence that contradicted their theories they were driven to experiment- only they did it by playing. A very recent study showed that this was true even for very young babies. Aimee Stahl and Lisa Feigenson showed systematically that eleven-month-old babies, like scientists, pay special attention when their predictions are violated, learn especially well as a result, and even do experiments to figure out just what happened.You, on the other hand, are probably a bad scientist. We adults are far more likely to engage in confirmation bias - looking for things that support our beliefs, as opposed to ideasthat challenge them. And thats one of the reasons why kids learn so much faster than we do.So how do you use this info to make junior an even better scientist? Your mission, should you decide to accept it Give them a safe environment to play. Give them interesting things to play with. And play with them.But when you play with young children, the tykehas to lead and you have tofollow.When a little kid isexplicitly taught, the play part of their brain shuts down. And they only learnexactlywhat you teach them. But when its a game, when you stop instructing, they explore and absorb much more.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterThe children played with the toy longer, tried more different actions, and discovered more of the hidden features when the experimenter s queaked the beeper accidentally than they did when she deliberately tried to teach them. So teaching is a double-edged sword. The children were remarkably sensitive to the fact that they were being taught But teaching seemed to discourage the children from discovering all the possibilities the toy had to offer.Making suggestions or elaborating after they start playing is fine. Thats called Guided Play.You cantmakeyoung childrenlearn. You can only provide a protected space filled with love andletthem learn.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterOur job as parents is not to make a particular kind of child. Instead, our job is to provide a protected space of love, safety, and stability in which children of many unpredictable kinds can flourish. Our job is not to shape our childrens minds its to let those minds explore all the possibilities that the world allows. Our job is not to tell children how to play its to give them the toys and pick the toys up again after the kids are done. We cant make children learn, but we can let them learn.(To learn how to raise happy kids, clickhere.)Okay, so youre not teaching a 4 year-old, youre engaging in guided play. But what do you do with a 6 year-old?Older than 6? Teachem.Once kids are ready for school, they need to start balancing their natural exploration with practice in skills that will allow them to function in the world.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterThe job for school-age children is to start actually becoming competent adults themselves. Their evolutionary agenda is to practice and master the particular skills of their own culture, especially social skills, while theyre still within the safe cocoon of adult caregivingNows the time to start showing them how to do stuff. You teachthem something, they imitate, you correct them.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterSchool-age children observe and imitate like younger children. But they learn especially well when they interact with particularly skilled adults in a distinctive c ycle of trial and error. The apprentice watches the master attentively, and then tries out a simplified part of the skill. It might be stirring thestockpot, cutting out a pattern, or roughing a carpentry frame. The master, in turn, comments (often quite critically) on what the apprentice has done and gets her to do it again. With each round of imitation, practice, and critique, the learner becomes more and more skilled, and tackles more and more demanding parts of the process.Kids under 6 cant focus. Theyre not supposed to. Theyre exploring this new world.But after 6 their brain starts to develop some control. Helping them master simple skills increases this ability that will be vital as they get older.FromThe Gardener and the Carpenteras children grow older, the prefrontal area of the brain- the brains executive office- exercises increasingly greater control over the rest of the brain. Babies and young children pay attention to anything thats interesting and informative, and they learn as a result. But as we get older more and more of our learning is directed toward particular goals. Mastery learning requires a kind of controlled focus that is just not possible for younger children. Other changes also contribute to the rise of mastery learning. Neural connections are extensively pruned many connections disappear. The neural connections that remain, especially the connections that are used often, become increasingly covered with a substance called myelin, which makes them more efficient conductors. At the same time the brain becomes more specialized. Younger children typically use more brain areas to solve a task than older children or adults do. All these changes contribute to transform the young brain. The preschool brain is enormously flexible and changes easily, but it is also noisy. The school-age brain is much more efficient and effective, but it isalso more rigid.(To learn how to be a better parent, clickhere.)And now in the gameshow of parenthood, we move to the challenge roundthe teen years.What the heck is going on with the teenage brain?And what do youneed to be focused on to get them ready for adulthood?Teenagers Need ApprenticeshipNeuroscientists believe there are two separate systemsin the teenage brain 1) motivation, and 2) control.The motivation part kicks inrealfast when those hormones start transforming them into adults. Adolescentbrains are actuallyvery similar to those of junkies.Their grey matter ishighlysensitive to rewards. Good things feel much much good-er to teenagers.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterThis is the system that turns generally placid ten-year-olds into restless, exuberant, emotionally intense teenagers desperate to attain every goal, fulfill every desire, and experience every sensation Studies by the neuroscientist B. J. Casey suggest that adolescents are reckless not because they underestimate risks but because they overestimate rewards- or, rather, find rewards more rewardingthan adults do.The second system, control, allows them to direct that energy toward good uses. Sadly, this system takes a lot longer to develop. And thats why teenagers have the reputations they do.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterBut the second system involves control it channels and harnesses all that seething energy. In particular, the prefrontal cortex reaches out to guide other parts of the brain, including the parts that govern motivation and emotion. This is the system that inhibits impulses and guides decision-making, that encourages long-term planning and delays gratification. And this is the system, as we saw, that enables mastery. This control system depends much more on learning. It becomes increasingly effective throughout middle childhood and continues to develop during adolescence and adulthood, as you gain more experience.But teenagers werent always such terrors. Part of it has to do with their place in society. Adolescence, as a time of life, was only created in 20th century. Before that you were either a child or an adult. No transition.And they werent just surrounded by other teenagers. They had adults to guide and train them and they worked.Being a teen meantlearning how to accomplish goals without your parents.Plain, and simple, they had something todowith all that motivation instead of justcrash the car, get pregnant and burn the house down.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterIn the distant (and even the not-so-distant) past, these systems of motivation and control were largely in sync. In foraging and farming societies, children have lots of chances to practice the skills that they need to accomplish their goals as adults, and so to become expert planners and actors. In the past, to become a good gatherer or hunter, cook or caregiver, you would actually practice gathering, hunting, cooking, and taking care of children, all through middle childhood and into early adolescence, tuning up just the prefrontal wiring youd need as an adult. But youd do all that u nder expert adult supervision, where the impact of your inevitable failures would be blunted. When the motivational juice of puberty arrived, youd be ready to go after the real rewards with new intensity and exuberance, but youd also have the skill and control to do it safely and effectively. The relationship between the systems of motivation and control has changed dramatically.So now that the world has changed, whats the best way to help teens? More homework and extracurriculars arent the answer. They need the modern day equivalent ofapprenticeships internships.Something resembling real work where they can build skills, achieve goals and put that energy to productive use so the control systemof their brain can get a handle on their relentless motivation to achieve rewards.FromThe Gardener and the CarpenterWhat does make a difference is having a graduated system in which teenagers slowly acquire both more skill and more freedom Instead of giving adolescents more and more school exp eriences- those extra hours of after-school classes and homework- we could try to arrange more opportunities for apprenticeship. AmeriCorps, the federal community-service program for youth, is an excellent example, since it provides both challenging real-life experiences and a degree of protection and supervision. Take your child to work could become a routine practice rather than a single-day annual event, and college students could spend more time watching and helping scientists and scholars at work rather than just listening to their lectures. Summer enrichment activities like camp and travel, so common for children whose parents have the means, might be usefully alternated with summer jobs.(To learn 7 research-backed ways to raise kids right, clickhere.)Alright, weve learned a lot about how kids learn. Lets round it all upSum UpHeres what you need to focus on to be an awesome parentGardener not carpenter Your job is to provide a safe space to grow, not to systematically buildF rankenstein.Under 6, they need play Having an imaginary friend who happens to be a dragon named Larry is a good thing.School-age kids needteachingHelp them build skills. Cooking, good. Bartending, not so good.Teenagers need apprenticeships They need to learn how to learn without you. And that means real world experience.These phases are critical for kids. But its a mistake for us to ignore them for ourselves as adults.We all could use some playtime. We all benefit from learning new skills. And we all should embrace new challenges in the world. As Dr. Seuss saidAdults are obsolete children.Join more than 315,000 readers.Get a free weekly update via emailhere.Related postsNew Neuroscience Reveals 4 Rituals That Will Make You HappyNew Harvard Research Reveals A Fun Way To Be More SuccessfulHow To Get People To Like You 7 Ways From An FBI Behavior ExpertThis article first appeared at Barking Up the Wrong Tree.

In-Flight Wi-Fi Costs for Passengers

In-Flight Wi-Fi Costs for PassengersIn-Flight Wi-Fi Costs for PassengersOnboard Wi-Fi is available for airline passengers on many flights through many airlines. As of 2018, most national carriers have equipped their aircraft with Wi-Fi capabilities, and the service now is available on regional and international airlines. A status update of airline Wi-Fi services shows that many airlines have made the decision to update their entire fleet of aircraft with Wi-Fi equipment. Others leise are not fully onboard but have chosen to test Wi-Fi on certain aircraft or routes. The price of airborne Wi-Fi varies depending on the package the customer purchases, but it can range from $5 to $15 per day to around $50 per month on appropriately equipped aircraft. Gogo-Partnered Airlines Gogo debuted its in-flight service on American Airlines in 2008 and now partners with most major carriers in the U.S., includingVirgin America, United Airlines, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, Alaska Airlines, andAir Canada. Wi-Fi packages are available on domestic flights for direct purchase through Gogos website $7.00- 1 hour of in-flight internet access$19.00- 24 hours of in-flight internet access$49.95- Monthly access on any Gogo-partner airline$599.00- Yearly access on any Gogo-partner airline Delta offers internet access through Gogo on international flights at slightly higher rates $28.00- 24 hours of in-flight internet access$69.95- Monthlyaccess Domestic Airlines Not all major airlines partner with Gogo, but some totenstill offer limited or full internet access Southwest AirlinesInternet access is available on board some Southwestflights for $8 per day. Passengers can check on Southwests website up to 24 hours in advance to see if their flights have Wi-Fi. Some flights also allow access to free live TV and movies for $5 per movie per device.Hawaiian Airlines Some free services and on-demand movies and TV shows are available when connecting through the airlines mobile app. Pri ces for on-demand titles range from $5.99 to $7.99. International Airlines Most major international carriers offer some form of Wi-Fi access, each with their own pricing plans and features EmiratesPassengers receive up to 20 megabytes and two hours of Wi-Fi access for free. Non-Skywards members pay $9.99 per flight for up to 150 MB or $15.99 per flight for up to 500 MB. First-class and business-class Skywards members receive free unlimited access, as do Gold and Platinum Skywards members in economy class. Silver Skywards members in economy class pay $4.99 for up to 150 MB or $7.99 for up to 500 MB. Blue Skywards members pay $6.99 for up to 150 MB or $10.99 for up to 500 MB.LufthansaFlyNet onboard Wi-Fi service is billed by Deutsche Telecom, and Lufthansa Miles mora passengers can exchange miles for internet service. One hour of access costs $10 or 3,000 miles. Four hours costs $15.50 or 4,500 miles, and full-flight access costs $19 or 5,500 miles. Norwegian Air ShuttleNorwegian Air Shuttle offers free Wi-Fi service on most of its flights in Europe and between the U.S. and the Caribbean. No Wi-Fi access is available on long-haul international flights.QantasThe Australian airline offers free Wi-Fi service on select domestic flights with plans to expand the number of Wi-Fi-enabled airplanes by the end of 2018.Qatar AirwaysQatar offers access through Oryx One Communications, and rates vary depending on aircraft and flight.

How to practice gratitude without saying one word

How to practice gratitude without saying one wordHow to practice gratitude without saying one wordOver the past 2,00 years, the Nguni tribe have lived on the soil of Southern Africa. For the Nguni tribe, non-verbal communication is an integral part of their daily interactions and way of life.